Surrogates stimulate cancer investments
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Biomarkers, putative surrogates, surrogates, and decision making.
T he development of new therapies is slow, expensive, and frustrating. The failure rate for new molecular entities exceeds 90%, and total research and development costs per successful new molecular entity are currently estimated to be nearly $2 billion. 1 Consternation about the complexity of therapeutic development recently prompted a major report by the President's Council of Advisors on Scie...
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PURPOSE Ovarian cancer has a high recurrence and mortality rate. A barrier to improved outcomes includes a lack of accurate models for preclinical testing of novel therapeutics. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Clinically relevant, patient-derived tumorgraft models were generated from sequential patients and the first 168 engrafted models are described. Fresh ovarian, primary peritoneal, and fallopian tub...
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Cancer chemoprevention strategies are not widely implemented in clinical practice. Targeting biomarkers in patients with elevated risk of developing cancer by means of short-term administration of certain agents may be a strategy to minimize toxicities while maintaining efficacy in clinical trials that can be completed in years rather than decades.
متن کاملSurrogates for Theories
I first discuss several strategies that serve as surrogates for theories in psychology: one-word explanation, redescription, drawing vague dichotomies, and data fitting. I then identify two conventions that allow these surrogates to flourish and multiply: null hypothesis testing, which makes precise hypotheses irrelevant, and the isolation of research in different disciplines, which prevents th...
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Recently, it has been demonstrated that graphical models promise some potential for expressing causal concepts, see for example Pearl (2000), Lauritzen (2001), or Dawid (2002). The causal interpretation is most direct in models based on directed acyclic graphs, whereas causal interpretation for chain graph models generally is more subtle and complex (Lauritzen and Richardson 2002). In the artic...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Science
سال: 2015
ISSN: 0036-8075,1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.348.6238.986-d